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Social History of Medicine 1995 8(2):179-210; doi:10.1093/shm/8.2.179
© 1995 by Society for the Social History of Medicine
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Articles

Mortality in Late Tsarist Russia: A Reconnaissance

K. DAVID PATTERSON*

* 272 Cameron Applied Research Center, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.

SUMMARY This essay explores mortality trends in the European provinces of the Russian Empire, with attention to regional, seasonal, ethnic, and urban-rural variations. Russia experienced higher mortality rates than most European or North American countries in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries and sharp mortality crises continued into the 1890s. There was a modest downward trend in both crude and infant mortality rates by the last decade of the nineteenth century, largely due to declining tolls from infectious diseases. Progress was slow and very uneven, but modest improvements in literacy, famine control, public health, and medical services all contributed to lower death rates. Many questions await research and further studies addressing specific diseases, regions, cities, and ethnic and social groups are essential.

Keywords: Russia; mortality; morbidity; public health; vital statistics; medical history; infectious diseases; demographic transition; epidemics; infant welfare


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