© 1994 by Society for the Social History of Medicine
Articles |
A Never-ending Succession of Epidemics? Mortality in Early-Modern York
* Department of Geography, Roxby Building, University of Liverpool PO Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX.
Early-modern cities are often perceived to be centres of high mortality and under constant siege from a barrage of epidemics. However, few urban mortality rates have been calculated and by employing parish register evidence from the regional capital of York, the thesis that the city was subjected to continual sudden increases in mortality can be firmly rejected. Infant mortality was high but remained virtually constant between 1561 and 1700. About a quarter of all infants did not survive to reach their first birthday and neonatal mortality was especially severe. From the mid-seventeenth century a series of epidemics increased child mortality although overall levels of mortality were not significantly affected. Relatively little can be said about adult mortality and apart from two periods of ‘crisis’ mortality there is little to suggest that adults were greatly affected by epidemics. Indeed, for many adults the urban environment appears to have posed no great threat to health and most could look forward to a relatively long life in the city. York's mortality regime was very similar to that of the smaller market town of Gainsborough where high levels of mortality remained stable throughout much of the early-modern period.
Keywords: early-modern; epidemics; family reconstitution; historical demography; historical epidemiology; infant mortality; mortality; parish registers; seasonality; York