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Social History of Medicine 2004 17(1):77-92; doi:10.1093/shm/17.1.77
© 2004 by Society for the Social History of Medicine
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Fewer Parallels than Antitheses: René Sand and Andrija Stampar on Social Medicine, 1919–1955

Patrick Zylberman

1 Centre de Recherches Médecine, Sciences, Santé et Société, CNRS-INSERM-EHESS, Campus CNRS, 7 rue Guy-Môquet, F-94801 Villejuif Cedex, France.E-mail: zylberma{at}vjf.cnrs.fr

Besides industrialization, with its rapid economic growth, and urbanization, with its disruption of environmental health, did the advances made in social medicine also depend on the relation between health and development in the more traditional economies of eastern and southern Europe? In the 1920s, countries in this region strongly advocated rural health, and this had a strong impact in international public health circles. The diverging uses of the concept of social medicine by the Belgian, René Sand, and the Yugoslav, Andrija Stampar, are examined. Despite their common attitude towards private medicine and their shared intellectual background, these two eminences in social medicine worked out their own orientations. For Sand, social medicine had more to do with the family and workplace, whereas, for Stampar, the village was the ultimate target of health programmes. Health education thus took on different meanings for the two men. For the first, it entailed advertisements, films, and the means of propaganda used by US government agencies and philanthropies, whereas, for the second, it took a populist turn that entailed ‘folklorizing’ public health through patriotic songs, customs, and folkways. Given this East–West divide, how did the strategies based on rural health affect the worldwide development of social medicine in the 1930s?

Keywords: social medicine; rural health; health education; international health; populism; medical sociology; Yugoslavia; Belgium


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